Topic: Understanding Difference

In honor of World Stroke Day on October 29th, we wanted to take a moment to highlight some information about strokes, including the vital warning signs to look for. Recognizing these signs is key to early intervention and can be life-saving. F.A.S.T. is what you need to remember.

F.A.S.T is the acronym created to help you remember what to look for so that you can recognize the signs of a stroke.

F – Face drooping

A – Arm weakness

S – Speech difficulty

T – Time to call 911

If you are experiencing these symptoms or recognize that a friend, stranger, or loved one is experiencing these warning signs, please call 911 immediately. The American Stroke Association at www.stroke.org is a great resource for information.

Whether you or someone you love has experienced a stroke, or CVA (cerebrovascular accident) it can be a very trying time. Many sudden changes can happen at once, which can feel overwhelming. Knowing where to turn for help and having support during this difficult time can be important. It is important to work with your doctors and mental health professionals to support you and your family during this time. Self-care is also paramount to managing stress related to the changes that you and your loved ones are experiencing.

What Can Happen When You Have A Stroke

A stroke can impact the entire body and is one of the leading causes of disability in America. Strokes will impact each individual differently, depending on the type of stroke, the injured part of the brain, and the individual. Having a stroke can leave an individual with a combination of physical disabilities, personality changes, psychological disorders, and a complete change in day-to-day life. These changes can be extremely hard to cope with, not only for the individual, but for their family and caregivers. Understanding the changes that may happen and how to navigate them can make new transitions less challenging.

Physical

There are a wide range of physical impacts that an individual can be faced with after experiencing a stroke. Some of these include:

Paralysis

Some individuals may have weakness or paralysis on one side of their body.

Speech

Individuals may have issues with reading, writing, speaking, and understanding what is being said to them.

Movement & Coordination

Difficulties with walking and balance may arise. Some individuals may need assistance while walking. Individuals may also experience tight and stiff muscles, causing them to have a limited range of motion.

Fatigue

Feeling fatigued or becoming very tired after minimal mental effort is a common symptom.

Swallowing

Dysphagia, or issues with swallowing, is a common issue, which can make it difficult for individuals to eat and drink.

Incontinence

After a stroke, some individuals may have issues with bladder control, frequent urination, or other bowel issues.

Vision

Depending where the stroke occurred, some individuals may lose vision or have blind spots, develop double visual, or have trouble understanding what they are seeing.

Psychological

Strokes not only impact an individual physically but they can have a profound effect on an individual’s mood and personality. The effects of a stroke can leave an individual feeling a multitude of emotions. Consulting with a doctor or psychologist can help understand how to cope with these feelings and recent life changes.

Frustration

Individuals may feel frustrated because of physical changes, not being able to communicate, move, or continue their normal routine.

Grief

Coping and going through the grieving process is normal for individuals who have experienced a stroke. Coming to terms that their life has been altered can be extremely hard and can take time to process.

Depression

After a stroke, individuals may develop depression. It can manifest in many ways, such as difficulty with sleeping, not interacting with friends or family, loss of interest in hobbies, and feelings of hopelessness.

Anxiety

Becoming worried about having another stroke, the future, or life changes are common in individuals who have experienced a stroke.

Disinhibition

Behavior may change. The stroke may cause one to say or do things impulsively. Emotional responses, such as crying, laughing or anger, may be impossible to control. It is not necessarily a change in the person but is an effect of the stroke.

Suicidal Ideation

Some individuals may start to develop suicidal ideation. Not being able to cope with recent life changes can be extremely difficult, and individuals may feel like they do not have a choice. If you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, reach out and get help at https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/988

What Treatments are Available?

Treatments for stroke depend on type of stoke has occurred and what part of the brain has been injured.

Immediate Medical Help

If you suspect someone is having a stroke, call for medical help immediately. Depending on the type of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) will determine the type of emergency medical intervention used.

Prevention

There are many prevention treatments available. It is important to consult with your doctor before starting any new regime. Some treatments include taking aspirin to help lower the risk of a blood clot, keeping blood pressure under control, keeping cholesterol under control, and some people can benefit from having a stent put in, to help keep their arteries open.

Rehabilitation

Individuals who have experienced a stroke may need help to regain their everyday skills. Having physical, occupational, or speech therapy can help people manage the physical impairments a stroke can cause. Cognitive and psychological therapy can also help individuals with mental exercise and coping with a new normal.

Are There Support Groups?

Yes! If you are in need of support, ask your doctors or mental health professionals for local resources. The American Stroke Association also has a support group finder.

https://www.stroke.org/en/stroke-support-group-finder

Remember to stay informed and act F.A.S.T.

Alzheimer’s disease is a deeply personal and often emotional topic, one that can stir feelings of uncertainty and stress for not only the person with the diagnosis, but for those around them also. You may have questions, concerns, or simply a desire to understand what this diagnosis could mean for you or someone close to you. Here, we aim to offer a compassionate space where knowledge meets care. We’ll explore what Alzheimer’s is, how it progresses, and what support and resources are available—always with the understanding that each person’s journey is unique, and dignity and hope are just as important as facts.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. It is a disease that worsens over time and affects memory, thinking, and behavior. According to the CDC, dementia describes a group of symptoms that impact an individual’s memory, ability to think or make decisions, and speak. There are about 7 million people living with Alzheimer’s disease.

History

Alois Alzheimer was the first clinical psychiatrist to record his observations of what we now refer to as Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer had noticed plaques and tangles in the brain of a patient who died from an unknown mental illness. Plaques and tangles are proteins that build up in the spaces between and inside nerve cells. Though scientists do not know what plaques and tangles do, they believe they interfere with nerve communication and function, leading nerve cells to die.

Signs & Symptoms

Alzheimer’s disease is progressive, and symptoms may get worse overtime. Symptoms may include:

Memory loss: Forgetting recent events, important dates, familiar people, and personal history is common. Individuals can also forget what items may be for, and get lost in places they have visited before.

Daily Tasks: As Alzheimer’s progresses, individuals may find it hard to remember their daily routine. They may not be able to brush their teeth, bathe, get dressed, and have difficulties doing other activities of daily life.

Reasoning: Individuals may have a hard time planning things and carrying them out. Paying bills, keeping doctors’ appointments, dealing with numbers, or multitasking may become increasingly difficult for individuals.

Physical: Alzheimer’s can impact an individual’s ability to walk and exercise. Individuals may lose their balance and increase their risk of falling.

Personality & Mood: Individuals may develop depression and withdraw from social situations. Some may also become irritable and exhibit aggressive behaviors. If an individual’s sleep is disrupted, this can exacerbate mood changes.

If you notice any signs or symptoms that you or a loved one are experiencing, consult with a medical professional.

Who is at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease?

The Alzheimer’s Association outlines some factors that may increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.

Age: Individuals 65 and older are most at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Family History: Individuals who have an immediate family member with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease are more likely to develop it. If more than one family has an Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis, the risk increases.

Head Trauma: Individuals who have suffered a head injury have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. This risk increased with multiple head injuries.

Down Syndrome: Individuals who have been diagnosed with Down’s syndrome have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Down’s syndrome causes three copies of the gene responsible for creating the beta-amyloid protein, which may lead to more buildup of the protein that causes Alzheimer’s disease.

Lower Risk of Developing Alzheimer’s Disease

According to the National Institute on Aging, there are several things individuals can do to help lower their risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Be sure to check in with your doctor before starting a new regime.

• Healthy Weight
• Healthy Diet
• Sleeping Routine
• Mental Exercise
• Physical Exercise
• Avoid Smoking
• Avoid Drinking Alcohol
• Manage Blood Pressure
• Manage Cholesterol

Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but there are multiple treatments that are used to help curb symptoms. Check in with your doctor before starting any treatments.

Medications: There are a few different medications your doctor can prescribe that can help with memory and cognitive functions. Other medications can help with behavior or mood changes that may occur as Alzheimer’s disease progresses.

Memory Exercises: Exercising your brain can help keep our brain active. Playing word puzzles, board games, learning a new language, or anything similar can help keep our brain fit and challenged.

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST): consists of multiple sessions of therapy that take place over several weeks. Throughout the sessions, the goal is to stimulate thinking by talking about current events, singing and listening to music, playing word games, and doing activities that include following directions.

Reminiscence Therapy: Reminiscence therapy, a type of psychotherapy, helps an individual recall their former days in a controlled environment. Remembering past events can help with memory, self-esteem, and communication skills. Reminiscence therapy has been widely used and can take place one on one, in groups, orally, or written.

Facing the realities of Alzheimer’s disease isn’t easy, but you don’t have to do it alone. Whether you’re living with a neurological disability, supporting a loved one, or simply trying to understand more, know that your feelings are valid and your questions matter. Compassion, connection, and clear information can make a meaningful difference—and there is help available every step of the way. As you move forward, take things one day at a time, lean into your support networks, and remember that even in the face of uncertainty, there is still room for comfort, dignity, and hope.

Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that affects a person’s ability to use and understand written or spoken language. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 180,000 people are diagnosed with aphasia every year in the United States. Aphasia happens when the areas of the brain (usually in the left hemisphere) responsible for language have been injured. Most commonly, the injury occurs from sustaining a stroke or head injury. Aphasia varies from person to person in severity and type, depending on the location and extent of brain damage.

Common Causes

• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury
• Brain tumors
• Infections that affect the brain
• Neurodegenerative conditions

Signs and Symptoms

Each person with aphasia will present with a different set of symptoms. Some people may be able to write but not speak, while others can follow speech but not produce it themselves. Consult a doctor if you have any questions regarding an aphasia diagnosis.

• Incomplete sentences
• Saying words that do not make sense or in the incorrect order
• Unable to produce the word they want.
• Unable to move the mouth to produce words
• Unable to understand what others are saying
• Trouble reading and comprehending written language
• Trouble with following directions
• Unable to name familiar items

Types of Aphasia

There are several types of aphasia, according to the location of the brain lesion. Depending on which aphasia an individual is diagnosed with depends on the differences they will have. There are also types of aphasias that are related to dementia, which are progressive and can worsen over time.

Broca’s Aphasia: Individuals with Broca’s aphasia will have a hard time speaking, requiring a lot of effort and time. They are able to understand others, though long sentences can be more difficult for them to comprehend.

Wernicke’s Aphasia: These individuals will have a hard time understanding words that are being spoken to them and will also have trouble with producing sentences that make sense.

Conduction Aphasia: Conduction aphasia makes it difficult for individuals to produce the words they are thinking of. They know what they would like to say, but are unable to make the sounds.

Global Aphasia: Considered the most severe type of aphasia, these individuals have a hard time understanding and speaking written and spoken language. Global aphasia usually happens after a stroke.

Anomia Aphasia: Trouble finding the right words, especially nouns and verbs, in spoken and written language.

Transcortical (Sensory and Motor) Aphasia: There are two kinds of transcortical aphasia, motor and sensory. Transcortical sensory aphasia makes it difficult for an individual to understand language and will have some difficulties with reading and writing. Transcortical motor aphasia makes it difficult for an individual to speak. They may have a hard time getting the complete sentence out properly. They will also have issues with writing.

Subcortical Aphasia: Individuals with subcortical aphasia may speak faster, may have trouble remembering words, and following conversations.

Diagnosis

Aphasia is diagnosed through a combination of:

Neurological exams: There are multiple assessments such as the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, and the Western Aphasia Battery, which helps determine the type and severity of the aphasia, and determine a baseline for clinicians.

Imaging tests: MRI and CT scans are used to identify the location and extent of brain damage.

Speech Evaluations: A battery of tests to examine speaking, listening, reading, and writing capabilities.

Treatment

Many people will experience what is referred to as spontaneous recovery. This is where an individual regains lost abilities on their own, without any interventions. In addition to the brain recovering on its own, there are some interventions an individual can receive to help the recovery process.

• Speech Therapy: Individual and group speech therapy can help individuals relearn or build on their spoken language.
• Communication devices or apps: There are many devices that can help individuals communicate who have trouble speaking, check out our article about communication devices.
• Medications: There is not a specific medication that is used to treat aphasia. There are some medications that are being studied that may help increase blood flow and produce neurotransmitters, which may aid in recovery. Talk to your doctor about what is best for you.
• Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Stimulating the brain can help increase brain activity and neuroplasticity. It is usually used in conjunction with speech therapy.
• Support groups: Being in a community who understands what having aphasia is like and the struggles that are faced on a daily basis can help make coping with the journey less overwhelming.

Recovery depends on the type of aphasia and is dependent on the person, cause, and overall brain functions.

Aphasia impacts all aspects of a person’s life, including their emotional well-being. Many people feel isolated and misunderstood, which can be frustrating. Advocacy, patience, and inclusive communication are needed to help build a more supportive environment for individuals with aphasia.

From professional therapy to community support, many tools exist to help rebuild communication and connection. Check out our interview with Dr. Kling, Ph.D, CCC/SLP.

Dean Bragonier is the Founder and “Executive Dyslexic” of NoticeAbility, a nonprofit organization dedicated to “helping students with dyslexia identify their unique strengths and build self-esteem.” Shaped by the challenges associated with his own dyslexia and wanting to help his son Bodhi, who is also dyslexic, Dean decided to create an after-school strength-based program for students with dyslexia. Dean partnered with the Harvard Business School, the Harvard School of Education, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), among others, and created a middle school level curriculum that helps dyslexic children learn in different ways.

Dean wanted to change the conversation around dyslexia and make it a more positive one. In 2015, Dean began a 50-nautical-mile swimming adventure to draw donations for NoticeAbility, to hit the intended $145,000 target for curriculum development. Through Dean’s passion for education and his conviction that the advantages of dyslexia far outweigh its associated challenges, Dean was able to take the donations from his swimming adventure to build NoticeAbility’s first curriculum, entitled Entrepreneurs & Innovators. The organization is now globally leading the way to target those individuals with dyslexia that may not have the resources or the level of awareness in their home or in their classroom. NoticeAbility unlocks the power of the dyslexic mind, enabling students to be exposed to the professional paths in which most people with dyslexia find success.

In this interview with our Different & Able President and Founder, Alexandra Nicklas, Dean shares his personal journey with dyslexia. He also discussed how highlighting the cognitive advantages of dyslexia empowers the individual and benefits society at large. By looking at the unique mindset of students with dyslexia as a strength, Dean reframes a perceived weakness as a powerful tool and teaches us all a lesson about the importance of an open mind and an open heart.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerve cells in the brain, as well as the spinal cord. The area it impacts handles voluntary muscle movement, which leads to muscle twitches and difficulty with motor skills. Roughly 30,000 Americans are living with ALS, with 5,000 new diagnoses each year.

Currently, there is not a cure for ALS, which is why raising awareness, sharing knowledge, and understanding the disease is imperative.

What Does ALS Do to the Brain?

ALS affects the way the brain communicates with our muscles, which motor neurons are responsible for. Motor neurons act as messengers; they carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to your muscles, telling them when you need to walk, smile, speak, button your shirt, and everything else.

When someone develops ALS, those motor neurons slowly begin to die. As they degenerate, the brain can no longer properly communicate with the muscles, which leads to muscle weakness, twitching, issues with everyday activities, and eventually leads to paralysis.

Types of ALS

There are two main types of ALS. Symptoms and progression can vary greatly between individuals.

• Sporadic ALS: Sporadic ALS accounts for about 90% of diagnoses. The causes are believed to be a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors, though the exact cause is still unknown.
• Familial ALS (FALS): About 10% of ALS diagnosis cases are inherited through mutations in specific genes. This means that the mutations can be passed down from parent to child. There is a 50% chance that the mutation will be inherited, though that does not mean the individual will develop ALS.

ALS can also be categorized by how it presents itself:

• Limb-onset ALS: Limb-onset ALS starts to affect the muscles in the hands, arms, feet, or legs first, usually with weakness in the dominant hand. About two-thirds of ALS diagnoses present with limb-onset ALS.
• Bulbar-onset ALS: Begins with difficulties in speaking, swallowing, or facial movement. The bulbar muscles, located in the head and neck, control these functions. About one-third of cases begin with this type.

There are also more rare types of ALS:

• Juvenile ALS: Extremely rare, developing in individuals under the age of 25, with less than 1,000 diagnoses in the USA.
• ALS-Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex 1: Believed to be caused by consumption of cycad seeds. Recently, this type of ALS has decreased due to decreased consumption of cycad seeds.

How Is ALS Diagnosed?

There is no single test that can detect ALS. Clinicians rely on their observations and use tests and screenings to rule out other potential diagnoses. Receiving a diagnosis of ALS can become a lengthy process that may take months.

Common tools and tests include:

• Electromyography (EMG): EMGs allow clinicians to test the electrical activity of the muscles to assess nerve function.
• Nerve conduction studies: Frequently paired with an EMG, nerve conduction studies test the body’s ability to send messages to muscles throughout the body.
• MRI scans: MRIs are used to see if there are any abnormalities that could be causing symptoms rather than ALS.
• Blood tests: Looking at levels of proteins in the blood can help clinicians identify other diagnoses.
• Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture): Spinal fluid can look different in individuals who have ALS. This can help when a diagnosis of ALS is suspected.
• Muscle & Nerve Biopsy: A small sample may be taken for lab analysis if ALS is suspected.

Early diagnosis can help patients access resources, plan for care, and begin treatment to slow disease progression.

Who Is at Risk?

Several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing ALS:

• Age: Most cases occur between the ages of 40 and 70
• Sex: Men younger than the age of 65 have a slightly higher risk of a diagnosis. The gap narrows with age and disappears after 70.
• Genetics: Having a family member with ALS increases the chances of developing ALS.
• Military Service: Though it is unknown why individuals who served in the military have a higher chance of developing ALS, it is believed it’s due to a mix of environmental exposures, injuries, or extreme physical exertion.
• Smoking: Individuals who smoke have a higher likelihood of receiving an ALS diagnosis, particularly among women.
• Environment: It is believed that exposure to chemicals or toxins could increase the risk of a diagnosis, though there has not been a specific agent associated with increased risk.

What Are the Symptoms?

ALS symptoms vary from person to person and include:

• Muscle twitching (fasciculations), especially in arms, legs, or tongue
• Slurred speech
• Difficulty with fine motor skills (holding a pen or buttoning a shirt)
• Feeling weakness in hands, arms, legs, or feet
• Difficulty walking
• Muscle cramping
• Trouble swallowing or chewing (dysphagia)
• Fatigue

As ALS progresses, symptoms may worsen. People who have ALS can lose the ability to walk, talk, or eat without help.

Treatments for ALS

Though there is not currently a cure for ALS, there are several FDA approved treatments that can help slow down the progression and help with overall quality of life.

• Medications: There are oral and intravenous drugs that can help regulate the generation of neurotransmitters and help slow down functional decline.
• Related Services: Physical, occupational, and speech therapy can help individuals find adaptations and learn ways to stay independent.
• Mental Health Support: Counseling and mental health services can help patients and families cope emotionally with the challenges of ALS.
• Breathing Care: Individuals who have ALS may eventually need help breathing. It is important to speak with your physician about what non-invasive breathing options are appropriate.

Spreading Awareness

Spreading awareness about ALS means more than just knowing the name; it’s about recognizing the signs, challenging the myths, and standing with those affected. ALS doesn’t only run in families; it can impact anyone, and the toll it takes is both heartbreaking and life-altering. As the disease progresses, people often face increasing pain, loss of mobility, and emotional strain. That’s why it’s so important to share real facts, talk openly, and support research. The more people understand ALS, the closer we get to better treatments, and eventually, a cure.

April is Autism Awareness Month, a time to truly deepen our understanding of a diagnosis that affects about 1 in 36 children in the United States. It’s more than just an awareness month. It’s an opportunity to educate, understand, stop the stigma, and create a world where individuals on the autism spectrum feel seen, supported, and understood. Understanding the neural mechanisms behind autism helps us gain insight into the lived experiences of individuals with autism, but we also help break down harmful myths and build more inclusive communities.

Autism and the Brain: A Neuroscientific Perspective

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that primarily affects how the brain processes communication, sensory input, emotional regulation, and social interaction. While autism presents differently person to person, research shows consistent differences in specific regions of the brain, particularly the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, temporoparietal cortex, and the insula. These areas play key roles in emotional response, decision-making, empathy, and sensory regulation.

• Amygdala — Involved in processing emotional and sensory information, as well as social communication and understanding cues. Overactivity in this region has been associated with increased sensitivity to stimuli and challenges with emotional regulation.
• Orbitofrontal Cortex — Plays a role in sensory regulation, impulse control, and learning from rewards and/or punishments. Differences in this region can impact how autistic individuals process social cues.
• Temporoparietal Cortex — Helps individuals with self-awareness and situation awareness, attention, social cognition, language processing, and balance/movement. When this area is affected, individuals with autism may have a hard time understanding other people’s intentions and social cues.
• Insula — Involved in regulating homeostasis, processing pain, basic emotions, empathy, and interoception.

In addition to brain structure differences, research also suggests that individuals with autism may also have differences in brain connectivity, neurotransmitters, and neuroplasticity.

• Brain Connectivity: Research using fMRIs has shown that individuals with autism have hyper-connectivity in some areas of their brain, such as the frontal lobe, which is responsible for executive function, personality, and motor control. While other areas are under connected, such as the parietal lobes, which are responsible for spatial awareness and processing sensory inputs. These patterns influence how information is integrated and processed across the brain.
• Neurotransmitter Imbalance: Neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, which regulate mood, behavior, and social bonding, may be dysregulated in individuals with ASD, contributing to differences in mood and emotional response.
• Neuroplasticity: Research has shown that the brains of individuals with autism show different neuroplasticity than neurotypical brains. This means individuals with autism learn and adapt differently than people with neurotypical brains. Recognizing this is important when developing supportive environments.

Debunking Myths with Neuroscience

Though autism has become more recognized, it is still misunderstood. There are many myths and negative connotations that surround autism.

• Myth: Autism is caused by vaccines.
  Fact: Extensive research confirms that autism has genetic and environmental influences. There is no scientific evidence linking vaccines to autism.
• Myth: Autistic people lack empathy or emotional depth.
  Fact: Neuroimaging shows that autistic individuals experience emotions deeply but may express or process them in different ways. Emotional intensity is often present, even if not outwardly visible.
• Myth: Autism is one condition and impacts everyone with a diagnosis the same way.
  Fact: Autism exists on a spectrum, which ranges from mild to severe symptoms. Each autistic person has a unique neurobiological and behavioral profile.

Understanding that each person who has autism functions uniquely, it will be easier to help end the stigma surrounding ASD. There is not a one-size-fits-all approach; it takes empathy and understanding from each community.

Roy Tuscany, Founder and Chief Executive Officer of the High Fives Foundation, had dreams of being a professional free skier. After graduating from the University of Vermont with a degree in mechanical engineering, he headed out west to pursue that dream. In 2006, Roy suffered a life-altering injury while skiing that left him paralyzed from the waist down. Forty-three days after Roy entered the hospital as a paraplegic, he walked out. His determination to walk again was the catalyst for the creation of the High Fives Foundation.

Roy turned the financial and community support of his own recovery into a “pay-it-forward” adventure. In April 2008, Roy put on his first event, called High Fives, a best 540 contest at Sugar Bowl (today the event is known as Trains). The idea was conceived during a backyard brainstorming session. Following the success of the event, Tuscany launched the High Fives Non-Profit, the name deriving from his hand slapping hospital antics and the high fives thrown at the event.

On January 19, 2009, the High Fives Foundation became a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. The High Fives Foundation not only funds recovery for athletes with spinal cord injuries, but also aims to provide preventative information to young athletes. Through a program called B.A.S.I.C.S. (Being Aware Safe In Critical Situations) it aims to “promote smart decision making in the mountains.” B.A.S.I.C.S. creates a documentary every year focusing on one aspect of mountain safety and streams it for free online while also touring it around the country, showing it in schools and to professionals in the industry.

In 2011, Roy was the recipient of the “Spirit Inspires” Award from Disabled Sports USA and he once held the world record for the most high-fives in a 24-hour period. Roy has relearned how to walk, ski, and surf, which is Roy’s newest thrill-seeking activity. He currently lives in Reno, Nevada with his wife, Alana Nichols, and son, Gunnar, and enjoys finding fun in everything he does.

Interviewed by our Different & Able President and Founder, Alexandra Nicklas, Roy opens up about his life-changing incident, the power of being vulnerable, how your biggest enemy could be looking at you in the mirror, and why it is important to celebrate your moments. Roy also discusses the High Fives Foundation and how it is cultivated on inclusiveness. Roy’s secret to connecting with others, with or without a difference, is clear; it is the simple act of a high five.

Christopher Reeve was a well-known actor, advocate, husband and father. As an actor, Reeve was known for his epic role as Superman in the superhero Superman film series. He won over audiences worldwide with his performance. Christopher made people believe he was invincible. His acting roles extended to other films including “Somewhere in Time”, “Street Smart” and “The Remains of the Day”. He was the husband of Dana Reeve and father to three children: Alexandra Reeve Givens, Matthew Reeve and William Reeve.

Reeve was an avid and active athlete engaging in many sports. In 1995, Reeve participated in an equestrian competition where unfortunately he was thrown from his horse and suffered a spinal cord injury. In an instant, Reeve was severely paralyzed. He spent the next part of his life dedicated to rehabilitation, lobbying for better medical insurance coverage and conducting spinal cord injury research. In 1996, he founded the Christopher Reeve Foundation, to further his goals and find a cure. Today, the foundation is named the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation. The mission is dedicated “to curing spinal cord injury by advancing innovative research and improving quality of life for individuals and families impacted by paralysis.” (www.christopherreeve.org).

After the first Superman film debuted, Christopher Reeve was asked what his definition of a hero was. His response, “A hero is someone who commits a courageous action without considering the consequences”. After his spinal cord injury, he defined a hero as “an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles.” After his accident, Reeve continued to appear in movies. He even directed a film and wrote two books about his experience as a man who was paralyzed. In October 2004, Christopher died at the age of 52.

The powerful and moving documentary, Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story, recently debuted. Narrated by family and friends, the film chronicles Reeve’s life from childhood through adulthood. His story showcases a life of fame, triumph, hardship and advocacy. Raw footage is featured which portrays Christopher’s life as he experienced it. Christopher is a model of perseverance and courage. He was a man who made a difference.

Ataxia is a rare neurological condition that affects movement, balance, and coordination. It occurs when the brain, nerves, and spinal cord cannot coordinate muscle movements. Ataxia is not a disease; it is a symptom that shows there is an underlying issue such as genetic disorders, brain injuries, metabolic issues, or an autoimmune condition. There are different types of ataxia and understanding each is crucial for early diagnosis, effective management, and support for individuals and families living with the condition. Having ataxia can significantly impact daily life and make it difficult to do daily tasks such as eating, walking, or speaking. It can also have a profound impact on an individual’s emotional and mental well-being. It is important to get help and support when you have been diagnosed.

Types of Ataxia

There are three different types of ataxia: hereditary, acquired, and sporadic. Each type has distinct causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

Hereditary Ataxia

Hereditary ataxias are caused by genetic mutations that are inherited from family members. There are different types of hereditary ataxia:

• Friedreich’s ataxia (FA): Friedreich’s ataxia typically appears in childhood or adolescence. FA affects the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sometimes the heart. Symptoms include progressive loss of coordination, frequent falls, slurred speech, and sometimes scoliosis. Some individuals with FA will have heart complications or diabetes.
• Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs): Spinocerebellar ataxia is a term that encompasses many genetic ataxias, each caused by a specific gene mutation. Symptoms vary but often include tremors, difficulty with speech, swallowing, and problems with balance. Age of onset and disease severity differ depending on the subtype.

Acquired Ataxia

Acquired ataxias develop as a result of external or internal factors that damage the nervous system. Common causes include:

• Stroke or traumatic brain injury: Damage to the cerebellum or brainstem can disrupt the neural circuits responsible for coordination. This is usually because of damage to the brain or due to a blockage in the brain.
• Multiple sclerosis: When the myelin sheath, the protective covering around nerve fibers, is damaged or destroyed in the central nervous system, it can impair movement and balance.
• Vitamin deficiencies: Lack of vitamin B12, vitamin E, or thiamine can lead to nerve damage and ataxic symptoms. Ataxia induced by a vitamin deficiency can usually be reversed.
• Chronic alcohol use: Long-term alcohol use can damage the cerebellum, resulting in alcohol-induced ataxia. Abstaining from alcohol can improve the symptoms.
• Autoimmune or metabolic disorders: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks healthy cells which can trigger ataxic symptoms through inflammatory or metabolic mechanisms.

Unlike hereditary ataxia, many times acquired forms can improve if the underlying cause is treated promptly.

Sporadic Ataxia

Sometimes ataxia appears without a clear hereditary or acquired cause. Sporadic adult-onset ataxia often progresses slowly and may go undiagnosed for years. Symptoms usually appear in adulthood. Since sporadic ataxia progresses over time, it is important to get treatment and intervene as early as possible.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Ataxia affects more than just movement. Key symptoms include:

• Balance and gait difficulties: People may have trouble walking. They may stumble frequently, or have trouble standing still.
• Loss of fine motor skills: Tasks like writing, using utensils, or buttoning clothes may become challenging.
• Speech changes (dysarthria): Speech can become slurred, slow, or uneven, making communication frustrating.
• Eye movement abnormalities: Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus) or difficulty tracking objects can occur.
• Swallowing problems (dysphagia): Increased risk of choking and aspiration, requiring careful dietary modifications.
• Tremors: Intention tremors may worsen during purposeful movements, making tasks like reaching for a glass difficult.

Recognizing symptoms early can help individuals access therapy and support services that improve safety and independence.

Diagnosis

A thorough evaluation is essential for effective management. Diagnosis typically involves:

• Neurological examination: Tests coordination, balance, reflexes, and speech.
• Genetic testing: Identifies hereditary ataxia mutations, which informs prognosis and family planning.
• Imaging: MRI or CT scans detect cerebellar degeneration, tumors, or stroke-related damage.
• Blood tests: Assess vitamin levels, autoimmune markers, and metabolic function.
• Electrophysiology: Nerve conduction studies help distinguish between central and peripheral causes.

Early diagnosis can prevent complications, allow for targeted therapies, and empower patients and caregivers with information for planning and support.

Treatment and Symptom Management

While there is currently no cure for most forms of ataxia, there are many management strategies and interventions that can improve quality of life:

Physical and Occupational Therapy

• Strengthen muscles, improve balance, and prevent falls.
• Teach adaptive techniques for daily activities, from dressing to meal prep.
• Introduce mobility aids such as walkers, canes, or orthotics.

Speech and Swallowing Therapy

• Speech-language pathologists help improve communication and swallowing safety.
• Techniques include exercises to strengthen vocal muscles and strategies for safer eating.

Medication

• Symptom-specific medications may target tremors, stiffness, or neuropathic pain.
• Addressing underlying conditions, such as vitamin deficiencies or autoimmune triggers, can reduce symptom severity.

Lifestyle Adjustments

• Balanced nutrition, hydration, and avoidance of alcohol or neurotoxins are essential.
• Exercise programs made specifically for each individual can help maintain mobility and prevent secondary complications like muscle wasting.
• Emotional support, counseling, and social engagement combat isolation and depression.

Advocacy and Resources

Awareness, advocacy, and access to resources are essential. There are many organizations that provide different forms of help across the country.

• National Ataxia Foundation is an organization that provides information on research, has in-person and virtual support groups, and a series where you can ask questions to an ataxia expert in a free live webinar.

Ataxia is a complex condition that extends beyond the physical symptoms of uncoordinated movement. It impacts communication, mental health, and everyday independence. Early diagnosis, comprehensive therapy, and community support can significantly improve quality of life. By increasing awareness, providing resources, and supporting research, we can empower those affected by ataxia.

In this interview, we sit down with Bob Woodruff to explore the life-changing journey that followed his traumatic brain injury, and how it shaped his mission to uplift and advocate for people with disabilities worldwide.

Bob Woodruff shares candid insights about recovery, resilience, and the gaps that still exist in support for individuals living with neurological injuries. His story highlights not only the challenges but the strength, creativity, and community that emerge when people with disabilities are given the opportunity to thrive.

This conversation is a powerful reminder of why inclusion matters, why accessible pathways save lives, and how personal experience can fuel meaningful change. Watch the full interview and learn how lived experience continues to drive advocacy, awareness, and hope.